Today we answered your question:
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How do you understand the business or business opportunities that can be generated from the surrounding environment?”

Intimately knowing the individual business and the environment within which it operates, both globally and locally, combined are essential to identifying ‘good fit’ opportunities that will strengthen and drive the business forward.

The surrounding environment comprises of PESTLE or STEEPLE, that is the politics, economy, social, technologies, legislation, environment, ethics. Researching this environment regularly highlights potential business opportunities.
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Knowing the specific business comes from having clearly defined business capabilities as strengths and weaknesses, which highlight which opportunities would strengthen the business and overcome weaknesses.

The quick answer is the business model(s) informs the business strategy.
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A business model is a scientific concept model turning the key elements in any business into a graphic model. Key elements present in any business are the target market, how you reach your target market, what value you are providing them unique to what’s on the market already (what problem you are solving), how the business will bring in revenue, the key activities of the business required to deliver the value, and the expenses. Combined, these elements drive strategic decision-making in the business. The decisions are turned into planned actions with expected outcomes and deadlines as a strategy. Business level strategies would be more focused on the delivery of the key elements of unique value, increasing reach and expansion of target segments.  
 
If you like, you can learn more about business and technology management here. 

Today we answered your question:
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“What is a book recommended about the foundation of a company which is aimed to grow as a large corporate with small capital and without making loans, by reference to (a) real successful preferably recently founded corporate(s) experience?”
 
A very informative book, read as part of a recent postgraduate OU university course, about starting, managing, and growing a business with real examples is:

Exploring Entrepreneurship practices and perspectives by Richard Blundel and Nigel Lockett.

If you like, you can learn more about business and technology management here from T.O.O.D

Today, I answered your question:
 
“What are the common business strategy mistakes?”
 
Four common mistakes I have come across in businesses formulating strategies are:

• thinking a strategy is a To Do list, or a list of goals or objectives. Rather than a carefully planned, scheduled, accountable action plan with progress measures in place that takes into account many aspects of the business such as resources, processes, and capabilities.
• not correctly diagnosing the problem/situation so the strategy is ineffective.
• taking into account relevant guiding policies before formulating strategies so, again, the strategy is ineffective.
• not taking into account human behaviour, that is, the impact on the people who may be affected by the strategy, which may lead to difficulties executing the strategy.

Richard Rumelt’s book “Good strategy, bad strategy” is an old but good read and discusses in length about what is a good strategy and what is a bad one, and why template-based strategies are so bad. 

If you are currently looking at adopting a popular business model, whether it be for a new business idea or innovating or updating an existing business, a strong strategy would be to familiarise yourself with today's popular business models. Then adopt one (if possible) that will be widely adopted over the next 5 years. That way you can get ahead of your competition. Here is some useful information and a resource to get you started:
Business models:
A strong, precise business model(s) can be a powerful tool for innovation, competitive advantage, decision-making, and culture development.  Business models (BM) can either be explicit, written/drawn out, or implicit, unspoken/ undocumented, yet no less powerful.  A business model can be a graphic, template, or text heavy document in the form of a business plan.  Often businesses have more than one business model (BM). For example, a business may have one BM for each of the following:
Innovation
Change
Technologies
Building and developing strategic partnerships
Acquisitions
There are over 50 types of BM’s that most businesses fall into (Gassmann et al, 2014). Some of the most common today are:
Freemium (18) - use some of the service for free, upgrade for additional functionality;
Subscription (48) - pay a monthly fee starting at an affordable price point with the option to increase or decrease over time;
E-commerce (13)- sell products/services online;
Performance based (38) - the client pays on results.
Resource:
St Gallens Business Model Navigator (Gassmann et al, 2014)